Menopause marks the end of menstruation and fertility, typically occurring in your 40s or 50s. It is diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without a period. Premature menopause can happen before age 40.
Symptoms can include irregular periods, hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings, sleep difficulties, vaginal dryness, thinning hair, weight gain, and reduced libido.
Menopause occurs as the ovaries slow production of oestrogen and progesterone. This change may happen naturally or due to:
- Cancer treatments (chemotherapy or radiotherapy)
- Surgical removal of the uterus and/or ovaries
- Autoimmune or genetic conditions (primary ovarian insufficiency)
Possible complications:
- Increased risk of heart disease
- Osteoporosis and fractures
- Urinary incontinence or UTIs
- Vaginal dryness and pain during intercourse
- Slower metabolism and weight gain
Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms, but your doctor may request blood tests to measure hormone levels (FSH and oestrogen).
Treatment options may include:
- Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): To relieve hot flashes and prevent bone loss
- Vaginal oestrogen: Creams, tablets, or rings for dryness and discomfort
- Antidepressants: For hot flashes or mood changes if HRT isn’t suitable
- Bone medications: To reduce fracture risk
Lifestyle tips:
- Stay cool and hydrated to manage hot flashes
- Use water-based lubricants for dryness
- Get regular sleep and reduce stress
- Eat a healthy diet and exercise regularly
- Kegel exercises may help with pelvic floor strength
Menopause is a natural transition. While it can be challenging, support and treatment options are available. Your doctor can help you manage symptoms and maintain quality of life.
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